ClimateObservatory

NASA · NOAA · ECAD CO2

Official climate data — from local stations to global trends

Official long-run weather station records (NOAA, ECAD) linked to city pages | NASA GISTEMP global land temperature anomalies | Mauna Loa atmospheric CO₂ (NOAA) | fossil CO₂ emissions context from the Global Carbon Project and ODIAC.

Key indicators

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TemperatureGlobal land temperature anomalies

+1.97°C

Year-to-date mean · 2026 Jan–Sep 2026

· Baseline 1901-1930

NASA GISTEMP · land

GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) — global land monthly mean (NASA graph, rebased 1901-1930) · NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) · NASA GISS · Fetched Oct 10, 2026, 7:00 AM UTC

Annual anomalies · global land series

Source: NASA GISTEMP data— GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP) — global land monthly mean (NASA graph, rebased 1901-1930)

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CO₂Atmospheric CO₂ Concentration

426.43ppmPublished daily mean

Mauna Loa · NOAA GML

Latest daily CO₂ ·2026-10-08Thursday, October 8, 2026

Mauna Loa CO₂ daily · NOAA Global Monitoring LaboratoryNOAA source fileFetched Oct 11, 2026, 5:00 AM UTC

Source: NOAA GML CO₂ data— NOAA · Global Monitoring Laboratory · Mauna Loa, Hawaii, USA

Climate update

Where the climate stands — September 2026

Computed automatically from the source files

Latest month (land)+2.12 °CSeptember 2026 · 2nd warmest in 147 years
2026 so far+1.97 °CJan–Sep · 3rd since 1880
Atmospheric CO₂426.43ppmOctober 8, 2026 · +52% vs pre-industrial
CO₂ growth+2.6ppm/yr2015–2025 average (0.9 in 1959–1969)

NASA’s latest land update covers September 2026. Land areas worldwide were +2.12 °C warmer than the 1901–1930 average, making it the 2nd warmest September in 147 years of records (September 2025: +2.05 °C).

Averaged over January–September, 2026 stands at +1.97 °C — the 3rd warmest start to a year since 1880. 2024 remains the warmest complete year on record (+2.14 °C), and 9 of the 10 warmest years have occurred in the last decade.

Every month since December 2022 has been more than 1 °C above the early-20th-century baseline — 46 months in a row.

At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, carbon dioxide reached 426.43 ppm on October 8, 2026. The annual mean rose from 424.60 ppm in 2024 to 427.35 ppm in 2025 (+2.8 ppm in one year). CO₂ is now 52% above the pre-industrial level of about 280 ppm, and has risen by an average of 2.6 ppm per year over 2015–2025, compared with 0.9 ppm per year over 1959–1969.

Temperatures: NASA GISS GISTEMP v4, file of October 10, 2026 (updated monthly)CO₂: NOAA GML, Mauna Loa, fetched October 11, 2026 (updated daily)Method and data →

Search your city’s temperature

Official long-run station records from NOAA and ECAD — type any city below.

Or jump to an example: Paris · New York · Berlin

Explore on the map

Browse thousands of NOAA and ECAD stations worldwide and open the record nearest to you.

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The 10 warmest years on record

Mean annual land anomaly relative to 1901–1930, across 146 complete years (NASA GISTEMP).

  1. 12024+2.14 °C
  2. 22025+1.98 °C
  3. 32023+1.93 °C
  4. 42020+1.80 °C
  5. 52016+1.71 °C
  6. 62019+1.65 °C
  7. 72017+1.60 °C
  8. 82015+1.55 °C
  9. 92022+1.54 °C
  10. 102021+1.54 °C

9 of these 10 years fall within the last decade. The current year is only ranked once all 12 months are published.

Decade by decade

Average of annual anomalies in each decade; an ongoing decade is marked with an asterisk.

  • 1880s-0.35 °C
  • 1890s-0.16 °C
  • 1900s-0.01 °C
  • 1910s-0.09 °C
  • 1920s+0.09 °C
  • 1930s+0.27 °C
  • 1940s+0.33 °C
  • 1950s+0.20 °C
  • 1960s+0.21 °C
  • 1970s+0.28 °C
  • 1980s+0.56 °C
  • 1990s+0.80 °C
  • 2000s+1.16 °C
  • 2010s+1.43 °C
  • 2020s*+1.84 °C

Between the 1880s and the 2010s, the decadal land average rose by +1.8 °C. Most of that rise has happened since 1980.

Which cities are warming fastest?

For 70 major cities tracked on ClimateObservatory.org, we compare the mean annual temperature of the first 10 years of the primary weather station with its last 10 years. Barcelona leads with +4.3 °C, while Reykjavik shows the smallest change at +0.3 °C. The median is +2.1 °C.

Record lengths differ between stations (the longest, Milan, starts in 1764), so an older station measures warming over a longer span. Urban heat-island effects and station moves can also play a role. Each city page shows the full series.

#CityWarming
1Barcelona, Spain1886–2025BARCELONA FABRA · ECAD1886–202512.7 → 17.0 °C+4.3 °C
2Munich, Germany1880–2025MUNCHEN-BOGENHAUSEN · ECAD1880–20257.3 → 10.9 °C+3.6 °C
3Vienna, Austria1856–2025WIEN ALTE UNIV.(STERNW) · ECAD1856–202510.0 → 13.6 °C+3.6 °C
4Helsinki, Finland1845–2025HELSINKI KAISANIEMI · ECAD1845–20254.3 → 7.4 °C+3.1 °C
5New York, United States1844–2025NEWARK LIBERTY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT · NOAA1844–202510.9 → 14.0 °C+3.1 °C
6Dresden, Germany1829–2025DRESDEN-HOSTERWITZ · ECAD1829–20258.3 → 11.3 °C+2.9 °C
7Prague, Czechia1776–2025PRAHA-KLEMENTINUM · ECAD1776–20259.3 → 12.2 °C+2.9 °C
8Stockholm, Sweden1883–2025STOCKHOLM · ECAD1883–20255.8 → 8.6 °C+2.9 °C
9Valencia, Spain1865–2025VALENCIA · ECAD1865–202516.5 → 19.3 °C+2.8 °C
10Tallinn, Estonia1920–2025TALLINN · NOAA1920–20254.6 → 7.4 °C+2.8 °C
11Moscow, Russia1949–2025MOSKVA VDNX · ECAD1949–20254.6 → 7.4 °C+2.8 °C
12Paris, France1874–2025PARIS - MONTSOURIS · ECAD1874–202510.6 → 13.4 °C+2.8 °C
13Strasbourg, France1924–2025STRASBOURG ENTZHEIM · NOAA1924–20259.7 → 12.4 °C+2.8 °C
14Madrid, Spain1855–2025MADRID RETIRO · ECAD1855–202513.6 → 16.3 °C+2.8 °C
15Budapest, Hungary1901–2025BUDAPEST · NOAA1901–202511.0 → 13.7 °C+2.7 °C
16Belgrade, Serbia1937–2025BELGRADE (OBSERVATORY) · ECAD1937–202511.8 → 14.5 °C+2.7 °C
17Copenhagen, Denmark1875–2025KOEBENHAVNS LUFTHAVN · ECAD1875–20257.4 → 10.0 °C+2.7 °C
18Warsaw, Poland1952–2025WARSZAWA-OKECIE · ECAD1952–20257.8 → 10.3 °C+2.5 °C
19Basel, Switzerland1901–2025BASEL BINNINGEN · NOAA1901–20259.5 → 12.0 °C+2.5 °C
20Boston, United States1886–2025BLUE HILL COOP · NOAA1886–20258.1 → 10.6 °C+2.4 °C
21Lyon, France1921–2025LYON-BRON · ECAD1921–202511.4 → 13.8 °C+2.4 °C
22Salzburg, Austria1875–2025SALZBURG-FLUGHAFEN · ECAD1875–20258.5 → 10.9 °C+2.4 °C
23Nuremberg, Germany1880–2025NURNBERG · ECAD1880–20258.2 → 10.6 °C+2.4 °C
24Zagreb, Croatia1863–2025ZAGREB-GRIC · ECAD1863–202511.6 → 14.0 °C+2.4 °C
25Houston, United States1931–2025HOUSTON WILLIAM P HOBBY AIRPORT · NOAA1931–202520.4 → 22.7 °C+2.3 °C
26Toulouse, France1947–2025TOULOUSE BLAGNAC · NOAA1947–202512.9 → 15.2 °C+2.3 °C
27Bern, Switzerland1902–2025BERN/ZOLLIKOFEN · ECAD1902–20257.9 → 10.2 °C+2.3 °C
28Cologne, Germany1937–2025SOLINGEN-HOHENSCHEID · ECAD1937–20258.8 → 11.1 °C+2.3 °C
29Marseille, France1921–2025MARSEILLES MARIGNANE · NOAA1921–202514.4 → 16.6 °C+2.3 °C
30Geneva, Switzerland1902–2025GENEVE COINTRIN · ECAD1902–20259.7 → 11.9 °C+2.3 °C
31Leipzig, Germany1864–2025LEIPZIG HOLZHAUSEN · NOAA1864–20258.7 → 11.0 °C+2.3 °C
32San Francisco, United States1948–2025SAN FRANCISCO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT · NOAA1948–202513.2 → 15.3 °C+2.2 °C
33Luxembourg, Luxembourg1948–2025LUXEMBOURG AIRPORT · ECAD1948–20258.4 → 10.6 °C+2.2 °C
34Chicago, United States1942–2025CHICAGO MIDWAY AIRPORT 3 SW · NOAA1942–20259.9 → 12.0 °C+2.1 °C
35Krakow, Poland1952–2025KRAKOW · ECAD1952–20257.8 → 9.9 °C+2.1 °C
36Frankfurt, Germany1871–2025FRANKFURT · ECAD1871–20259.8 → 11.9 °C+2.1 °C
37Sydney, Australia1940–2025SYDNEY AIRPORT AMO · NOAA1940–202517.2 → 19.3 °C+2.1 °C
38Zurich, Switzerland1902–2025ZUERICH/FLUNTERN · ECAD1902–20258.7 → 10.7 °C+2.0 °C
39Amsterdam, Netherlands1951–2025SCHIPHOL · NOAA1951–20259.3 → 11.4 °C+2.0 °C
40Lille, France1945–2025LILLE LESQUIN · NOAA1945–202510.1 → 12.1 °C+2.0 °C
41Stuttgart, Germany1953–2025STUTTGART ECHTERDINGEN · NOAA1953–20258.8 → 10.7 °C+1.9 °C
42Birmingham, United Kingdom1881–2025CET CENTRAL ENGLAND · NOAA1881–20258.8 → 10.7 °C+1.9 °C
43Dallas, United States1940–2025DALLAS FAA AIRPORT · NOAA1940–202518.6 → 20.5 °C+1.9 °C
44Los Angeles, United States1909–2025LOS ANGELES DOWNTOWN USC · NOAA1909–202517.3 → 19.1 °C+1.9 °C
45Oslo, Norway1901–2025BYGDOEY · ECAD1901–20256.2 → 8.0 °C+1.9 °C
46Milan, Italy1764–2025MILANO (V.FELTRE) · ECAD1764–202512.9 → 14.7 °C+1.8 °C
47Hamburg, Germany1891–2025HAMBURG FUHLSBUETTEL · NOAA1891–20258.5 → 10.4 °C+1.8 °C
48Washington, United States1942–2025WASHINGTON REAGAN NATIONAL AIRPORT · NOAA1942–202514.0 → 15.8 °C+1.8 °C
49Rotterdam, Netherlands1953–2025VOORSCHOTEN · ECAD1953–20259.5 → 11.3 °C+1.8 °C
50Atlanta, United States1930–2025ATLANTA HARTSFIELD JACKSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT · NOAA1930–202516.8 → 18.5 °C+1.7 °C
51Nice, France1943–2025NICE · NOAA1943–202515.5 → 17.2 °C+1.7 °C
52Philadelphia, United States1892–2025MOORESTOWN 4 E · NOAA1892–202511.5 → 13.2 °C+1.7 °C
53Bucharest, Romania1930–2025BUCURESTI BANEASA · NOAA1930–202510.9 → 12.5 °C+1.6 °C
54Berlin, Germany1876–2024BERLIN DAHLEM · NOAA1876–20249.3 → 10.9 °C+1.6 °C
55Perth, Australia1945–2025PERTH AIRPORT · NOAA1945–202517.6 → 19.2 °C+1.6 °C
56Melbourne, Australia1945–2025LAVERTON RAAF · NOAA1945–202513.9 → 15.5 °C+1.6 °C
57Sacramento, United States1948–2025SACRAMENTO AIRPORT ASOS · NOAA1948–202515.4 → 17.0 °C+1.5 °C
58Minneapolis, United States1939–2025MINNEAPOLIS ST. PAUL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT · NOAA1939–20257.5 → 9.0 °C+1.5 °C
59Nantes, France1946–2025NANTES-BOUGUENAIS · ECAD1946–202511.8 → 13.2 °C+1.4 °C
60Edinburgh, United Kingdom1961–2025EDINBURGH ROYAL BOTANIC GARDE · NOAA1961–20258.6 → 9.9 °C+1.3 °C
61Portland, United States1939–2025PORTLAND INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT · NOAA1939–202512.1 → 13.4 °C+1.2 °C
62San Diego, United States1940–2025SAN DIEGO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT · NOAA1940–202517.1 → 18.3 °C+1.2 °C
63Gothenburg, Sweden1945–2025SAVE · ECAD1945–20257.4 → 8.6 °C+1.2 °C
64Brussels, Belgium1833–2025UCCLE · NOAA1833–20259.7 → 10.6 °C+1.0 °C
65Dublin, Ireland1867–2025DUBLIN PHOENIX PARK · NOAA1867–20259.8 → 10.8 °C+0.9 °C
66Denver, United States1948–2025DENVER CENTRAL PARK · NOAA1948–202510.3 → 11.1 °C+0.8 °C
67Rome, Italy1962–2025MACCARESE RLAZIO · ECAD1962–202515.8 → 16.6 °C+0.8 °C
68Adelaide, Australia1888–2025ADELAIDE WEST TERRACE · NOAA1888–202516.8 → 17.4 °C+0.6 °C
69Bologna, Italy1815–2025BOLOGNA · ECAD1815–202514.3 → 14.6 °C+0.3 °C
70Reykjavik, Iceland1936–2025REYKJAVIK · ECAD1936–20255.1 → 5.4 °C+0.3 °C

Official data on global warming and local climate

ClimateObservatory.org combines trusted public datasets so you can compare planetary warming with what is measured near the cities and regions you care about. Global land temperature anomalies come from NASA’s GISTEMP analysis. Long records from individual weather stations are drawn from NOAA (with especially deep coverage in the United States) and from ECAD, the European Climate Assessment & Dataset network.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide is shown using the Keeling Curve record from Mauna Loa (NOAA / Scripps). Dedicated views also place fossil-fuel CO₂ in context with the Global Carbon Project and the ODIAC gridded emissions inventory. For thousands of cities worldwide we link station metadata to annual mean temperature series so you can explore trends where people actually live—not only global averages.

Use the city search bar or the station map to open a local climate page, then compare charts with the global GISTEMP and CO₂ indicators shown on this homepage. Every chart links back to the original agency files so you can verify or reuse the underlying data.

Explore the data

Frequently asked questions

Which organizations provide the data on ClimateObservatory.org?
We use NASA GISTEMP for global land temperature anomalies, NOAA station files for many locations (especially North America), and ECAD for European stations. CO₂ figures follow the Mauna Loa record published by NOAA’s Global Monitoring Laboratory (and related references such as Scripps).
How do city pages relate to weather stations?
Each city page lists one or more stations (NOAA or ECAD) associated with that place. Charts plot the station’s annual mean temperature series; the page explains coverage years and links to the underlying dataset files.
What is the difference between global temperature and a city chart?
GISTEMP describes how global (or large-scale) land averages evolve relative to a baseline. A city chart shows the record at specific observing sites near that city—useful for local context but not identical to an official “city average” product from a single agency.
Why does atmospheric CO₂ matter for climate change?
CO₂ is a long-lived greenhouse gas. Rising concentrations from fossil fuel use and land-use change trap more heat in the climate system; Mauna Loa provides one of the clearest long-term records of that increase.
What is a temperature anomaly, and why use a 1901–1930 baseline?
An anomaly is the difference between a measured temperature and a long-term reference average for the same place and time of year. Working with anomalies rather than absolute temperatures removes the effect of altitude and local geography, so stations and regions can be compared. NASA publishes GISTEMP relative to 1951–1980; we rebase it to 1901–1930 so the numbers read as warming since the early 20th century, closer to pre-industrial conditions.
Why do land temperatures rise faster than the global average?
Land has a lower heat capacity than the ocean and loses less heat through evaporation, so it warms more quickly. The global average most often quoted (around +1.2 to +1.5 °C since pre-industrial times) blends land and ocean. The land-only series shown here typically runs about 1.5 times higher, which is also closer to what people experience where they live.
How does this relate to the 1.5 °C goal of the Paris Agreement?
The Paris Agreement refers to the long-term global mean surface temperature (land and ocean), averaged over about 20 years, relative to 1850–1900. A single warm month or year above 1.5 °C does not mean the threshold has been crossed in that sense, and the land-only values on this page are not directly comparable. They do show the direction and pace of change clearly.
Why is CO₂ measured on Mauna Loa?
The Mauna Loa Observatory sits at 3,400 m on a Hawaiian volcano, far from large cities and forests, so the air sampled there is well mixed and representative of the Northern Hemisphere background. Continuous measurements started in 1958 with Charles David Keeling, giving the longest direct record of atmospheric CO₂. The seasonal wiggle in the curve reflects plant growth in the northern summer.
How often is the data updated?
The Mauna Loa CO₂ value is refreshed daily from NOAA’s Global Monitoring Laboratory. NASA GISTEMP is updated once a month, usually in the middle of the following month. Station series from NOAA and ECAD are refreshed periodically as the agencies publish new files. The climate update section on this page is recalculated automatically from those files.
Can I download or cite the data?
Yes. Station pages link to JSON (and related formats) under /datasets/… following the same patterns as the original agencies. Please cite NASA, NOAA, ECAD, or GML as appropriate when reusing their data.

Major city temperature charts

Annual mean temperatures from the primary weather station near each featured city — Paris, Berlin, New York, Sydney, and more.